Endocrine disruption: Octinoxate increases cell proliferation in cells that grow in response to estrogen exposure [2,6,7]. Lifetime estrogen exposure is an established risk factor in the development and progression of breast cancer. Octinoxate affects other hormone systems as well. For instance, it reduces thyroid hormones in blood serum [8]. Thyroid hormones are critical for metabolic functions in the body including mammary gland development. Octinoxate exposure has also been found to alter the reproductive systems of female offspring, with significantly lowered hormone (estradiol and progesterone) levels [1], which is associated with infertility and miscarriages. In males there is a reduction of sperm count at all dose levels [1].
Reproductive organs and development toxicity: Numerous studies have reported that octinoxate exhibits antiandrogenic activity, which is linked to harmful effects on reproductive organ development in male and female fetuses exposed in utero. These effects can be further passed onto their offspring. Moreover, octinoxate alters weight and structure of reproductive organs in male and female rats [9].
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